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Introduction to Greedy Algorithms

Authors: Darren Yao, Benjamin Qi

Contributor: Ryan Chou

Problems that can be solved by selecting the choice that seems to be the best at the moment at every step.

Greedy Algorithms

Some USACO Bronze problems that appear to be ad hoc can actually be solved using greedy algorithms. This idea will be covered in a future module, but we'll introduce the general mindset in this section.

Resources
CPH

other examples are outside scope of bronze

Warning!

True "greedy" problems start to show up in silver, though the greedy mindset can be very helpful for bronze problems.

From the above:

A greedy algorithm constructs a solution to the problem by always making a choice that looks the best at the moment. A greedy algorithm never takes back its choices, but directly constructs the final solution. For this reason, greedy algorithms are usually very efficient.

Greedy does not refer to a single algorithm, but rather a way of thinking that is applied to problems; there's no one way to do greedy algorithms. Hence, we use a selection of well-known examples to help you understand the greedy paradigm.

Example - Mad Scientist

Focus Problem – try your best to solve this problem before continuing!

Try to come up with a greedy algorithm for problem above.

Correct Greedy Algorithm

In this problem, the correct greedy solution is to continually flip the longest possible ranges of mismatching cows.

Mad Scientist has an excellent editorial with a video solution and intuitive proof.

It is highly recommended you read it to gain a better understanding of the greedy algorithm.

Solution - Mad Scientist

C++

From the official analysis:

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
using ll = long long;
int main() {
freopen("breedflip.in", "r", stdin);
freopen("breedflip.out", "w", stdout);
ll n;
cin >> n;

Java

From the official analysis (with Kattio added):

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
public class Solution {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
Kattio io = new Kattio("breedflip");
int n = io.nextInt();
char[] a = io.next().toCharArray();
char[] b = io.next().toCharArray();
int ret = 0;
while (!new String(a).equals(new String(b))) {

Python

import sys
sys.stdin = open("breedflip.in", "r")
sys.stdout = open("breedflip.out", "w")
N, a, b = input(), input(), input()
s = [False] + [x != y for x, y in zip(a, b)] # difference list
# now count occurrences of [False,True], as the first C++ solution does
print(sum(1 if not x and y else 0 for x, y in zip(s, s[1:])))

Note that not all greedy problems necessarily require mathematical proofs of correctness. It is often sufficent to intuitively convince yourself your algorithm is correct.

Pro Tip

Sometimes, if the algorithm is easy enough to implement, you don't even need to convince yourself it's correct; just code it and see if it passes. Competitive programmers refer to this as "Proof by AC," or "Proof by Accepted."

Problems

StatusSourceProblem NameDifficultyTags
BronzeEasy
Show TagsGreedy
BronzeNormal
Show TagsGreedy
BronzeNormal
Show TagsGreedy
BronzeHard
Show TagsGreedy
BronzeHard
Show TagsGreedy
BronzeVery Hard
Show TagsGreedy

Quiz

What is a greedy algorithm?

Question 1 of 3

Module Progress:

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