# AtCoder DP Contest - Subtree

Authors: Benjamin Qi, Andi Qu

### Prerequisites

Solving For One RootSolving For All RootsImplementation

## Solving For One Root

Let's consider a simpler problem:

Assuming that node $1$ is painted black, how many ways can we paint the tree?

First, root the tree at node $1$. Let $dp[i]$ be the number of ways that we can paint the subtree of node $i$ such that either node $i$ is colored black, or no nodes are colored black. Note that if $i$ is a leaf, then $dp[i]=2$ (we choose to color node $i$ black or not).

For each child $c$ of $i$, there are $dp[c]$ ways to paint its subtree if $i$ is painted black. This means that we have the recurrence

$dp[i]=1+\prod_{c \in \text{Children of } i} dp[c]$

where the product corresponds to painting node $i$ black and the $1$ corresponds to painting node $i$ white.

The answer to the simpler problem is thus $dp[1]-1$. Finding all $dp[i]$ takes $\mathcal{O}(N)$ time.

## Solving For All Roots

First, root the tree arbitrarily and do a DFS to find all $dp[i]$.

Let $dp2[i]$ be the number of ways to colour the tree if we remove node $i$'s subtree such that either the parent of $i$ is black, or no nodes are colored black. Note that $dp2[1]=1$.

The number of ways to paint the tree if we know node $i$ is black is simply $(dp[i]-1)\cdot dp2[i]$. How can we find $dp2[i]$ efficiently though?

The basic recurrence for computing $dp2[i]$ is

$dp2[i] = 1+dp2[\text{Parent of } i] \cdot \prod_{s \in \text{Siblings of } i} dp[s]$

where the product corresponds to painting the parent of $i$ black and the $1$ corresponds to painting the parent of $i$ white.

Since $M$ isn't guaranteed to be prime though, we can't just find the product of each node's children and divide that product by each of its children's $dp[i]$ (since we can't find modular inverses easily).

However, notice how if node $i$ is the $k$-th child of its parent, then we can use prefix and suffix products to compute

$\prod_{s \in \text{Siblings of } i}dp[s]$

without using division. (i.e. We find the product of $dp[s]$ for the first to the $(k - 1)$-th child of $i$'s parent, the product of $dp[s]$ for the $(k + 1)$-th to the last child of $i$'s parent, and then multiply those together.)

Finding all $dp2[i]$ takes $\mathcal{O}(N)$ time using a DFS, so the total complexity of this algorithm is thus $\mathcal{O}(N)$.

## Implementation

down corresponds to $dp$ and up corresponds to $dp2$. The code uses the exact same recurrences mentioned above.

 Code Snippet: Benq Template (Click to expand)
/** * Description: modular arithmetic operations */
template<int RT> struct mint {	// static const int mod = MOD;	static constexpr mint rt() { return RT; } // primitive root for FFT	int v; explicit operator int() const { return v; } // explicit -> don't silently convert to int

### Join the USACO Forum!

Stuck on a problem, or don't understand a module? Join the USACO Forum and get help from other competitive programmers!