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# Shortest Paths with Non-Negative Edge Weights

Authors: Benjamin Qi, Andi Qu, Qi Wang, Neo Wang

Introduces Bellman-Ford, Floyd-Warshall, Dijkstra.

### Prerequisites

Nearly all Gold shortest path problems involve Dijkstra. However, it's a good idea to learn Bellman-Ford and Floyd-Warshall first since they're simpler.

## Bellman-Ford

Resources
CPH

up to but not including "Negative Cycles"

## Floyd-Warshall

### Tutorial

Resources
CPH

example calculation, code

cp-algo

code, why it works

PAPS

code, why it works

CP2

### Optional: Incorrect Floyd-Warshall

Paper

A common mistake in implementing the Floyd–Warshall algorithm is to misorder the triply nested loops (The correct order is KIJ). The incorrect IJK and IKJ algorithms do not give correct solutions for some instance. However, we can prove that if these are repeated three times, we obtain the correct solutions.

It would be emphasized that these fixes (repeating incorrect algorithms three times) have the same time complexity as the correct Floyd–Warshall algorithm up to constant factors. Therefore, our results suggest that, if one is confused by the order of the triply nested loops, one can repeat the procedure three times just to be safe.

### Problem

Focus Problem – try your best to solve this problem before continuing!

#### Explanation

This problem asks us to compute shortest paths between any two vertices. Hence, Floyd-Warshall is suitable because of the low $N (N \le 500)$, and the inclusion of negative weights.

#### Implementation

Time Complexity: $\mathcal{O}(N^3)$

C++

 Code Snippet: C++ Short Template (Click to expand)
ll INF = 1e18;
int main() {	ios::sync_with_stdio(0);	cin.tie(0);	int n, m, q;	cin >> n >> m >> q;


Java

import java.io.*;import java.util.*;

public class Main { 	Code Snippet: Kattio (Click to expand)
public static void main(String[] args) {		Kattio io = new Kattio();


### Problems

Used as the first step of the following:

StatusSourceProblem NameDifficultyTags
GoldHard
Show TagsAPSP, DP

## Dijkstra

Resources
cp-algo

Resources
Benq

### Problem

Focus Problem – try your best to solve this problem before continuing!

### Implementation

Time Complexity: $\mathcal{O}(N + M\log N)$

C++

Recall from the second prerequisite module that we can use greater<> to make the top element of a priority queue the least instead of the greatest. Alternatively, you can negate distances before placing them into the priority queue, but that's more confusing.

#include <bits/stdc++.h>using namespace std;
using ll = long long;#define pb push_back
vector<pair<int, int>> graph[100000];// Adjacency list of (neighbour, edge weight)ll dist[100000];int N;

Java

import java.util.*;import java.io.*;
public class test {	static class Pair<K, V> {		public K a;		public V b;		public Pair(K a, V b) {			this.a = a;			this.b = b;

### Warning!

It's important to include continue. This ensures that when all edge weights are non-negative, we will never go through the adjacency list of any vertex more than once. Removing it will cause TLE on the last test case of the above problem!

The last test case contains 100000 destinations and 149997 flights. City 1 has flights to cities 2 through 50000. Cities 2 through 50000 have flights to city 50001. City 50001 has flights to cities 50002 through 100000. Without the continue, after the program pops cities 1 through 50000 off the queue, the priority queue will contain 49999 routes that end at city 50001. Every one of the 49999 times city 50001 is popped off the queue and processed, we must iterate over all of its outgoing flights (to cities 50002 through 100000). This results in a runtime of $\Theta(N^2\log N)$, which will TLE.

On the other hand, if we did include the continue, the program will never iterate through the adjacency list of city 50001 after processing it for the first time.

### Optional: Faster Dijkstra

Can be done in $\mathcal{O}(M+N\log N)$ with Fibonacci heap. In practice though, this is rarely faster, since the Fibonacci heap has a bad constant factor.

### Problems

StatusSourceProblem NameDifficultyTags
CSESEasy
Show TagsSP
GoldEasy
Show TagsSP
GoldEasy
Show TagsSP
GoldEasy
Show TagsSP
GoldNormal
Show TagsSP
CFNormal
Show TagsBinary Search, Coordinate Compression, DP, SP
CSESNormal
Show TagsSP
KattisNormal
Show TagsSP
CSESNormal
Show TagsSP
IOIHard
Show TagsSP
JOIHard
Show TagsDP, SP
JOIHard
Show TagsSP
APIOHard
Show TagsGeometry, SP
Balkan OIHard
Show TagsSP
Balkan OIVery Hard
Show TagsSP, Stack

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